Where execution pain comes from, and where it goes

Twenty-two pain points across three leadership tiers, connected by the relationships the research supports. Pick the one that is most acute for you and see what drives it and what it drives.

Causes Masks (hides from the tier above) Consumes capacity Inferred, not measured Consequence path Driver path

Drag the graph sideways to see all three tiers.

Sources: PMI Pulse of the Profession 2018 (report body), Sull, Homkes and Sull (HBR 2015), MIT Sloan Management Review (2014, 2018), Flyvbjerg and Budzier (HBR 2011), BCG (2020), Gartner (2023 to 2026), McKinsey (2019, 2021, 2023), KPMG (2018, 2022), Gallup (2025, 2026), Microsoft Work Trend Index (2023, 2025), Repenning and Sterman (2001, 2002), Keil, Iacovou, Smith and Thompson (MISQ 2009, JAIS 2014, JBE 2009), Snow, Keil and Wallace (2007), Park, Im and Keil (2008). Each node carries its own citations in the panel.

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